Section 14.1 Hypothesizing

If the U.S. did not have a wealth of natural resources then the nation would have modernized at a much slower rate than what it had. It would had fallen a bit behind in the times of industrialization. If these resources were not available on U.S. soil then they would have had to been imported which means that money would be wasted on basic necessities. 

12.2 Respnse

Are share-cropping/tenant farming a real alternative to slavery? How are they different?  How are they the same? 

Share-cropping/tenant farming aren't entirely different from slavery. These two new methods are simply slavery work with pay; African Americans get paid to keep doing something they wanted to end. They are different in the sense that the African Americans get paid, they can own their own tools and also they get an opportunity to buy their own section of land. They are the same because the African Americans still have to work under a white man and also do the same work they did before. Also, they did not seem to get paid enough.

11.4 Question 3 Response

I think that the more a general has participated in battles the more experienced he is. Having a had long winning spree would obviously mark the general as being thoughtful and experienced compared to someone who keeps losing in a majority of his battles. With victory comes confidence. If it weren't for that confidence, generals would then not know what to do and would always be experimenting new techniques in each battle. A winning general is also greatly trusted and having the trust of your soldiers is important. 

11.3

3) Women and African Americans were given a chance to work as men were sent off to the war but they were not given equal pay nor rights. African Americans were not given a chance to help in the war until much later and that too not with equal pay as the white man. Women were left moneyless and with no food, they had to riot in order to get heard. Women did actually get a chance to help in the battle by acting as nurses up front. As businesses boomed, wages dropped and men employees left. This led to a great opportunity for African Americans and women to start work at a low wage. This can be seen as a start in women independency and also a start in African American rightful paid labour.

Soldier life in the army of Northern Virginia

1) No, the boys and men who enlisted did not know what the life as a soldier was like. They had too much with themselves, items that were absolutely not necessary were being packed and taken along with them. They thought that gloves, large coats, heavy bags, small helpers, would actually be important and benificial in their fighting.

2) The author seems to be critical towards the soldiers. His tone can be seen as though he is mocking them. Thinking how someone could actually be so inexperienced in the ways and basics of war.

3) Many items were left behind. Canteens, gloves, items from knapsacks, etc. Only one hat, one jacket, one shirt, one pair of pants, one pair of drawers, one pair of shoes, and one pair of socks survived till the end along with the soldiers themselves. Gloves were for example said to be very useless, they were heavy and didn't do a single thing. The things that were actually used were the basic necessities. 

Touch cast review

Choosing Sides Atlas

Dred Scott Video Response

• What was Dred Scott's argument for why he and his wife should be free? 

His argument was that since they had lived in free Illinois and Wisconsin territories, they had a right to be free. They had experience freedom and they should have a right to continue that freedom.

• What was the Supreme Court's decision? 

The Chief Justice stated that African Americans do not have the leisure to stand in court and accuse others because that is only for the white American man. African Americans were not even considered citizens. Before the Supreme Court, the Scott couple went to smaller, federal courts. The first court agreed with the Scott's and said that they should be free but was soon denied that freedom. 

• How did many Northerners react to the decision?  Why?  

The abolitionist got even more mad at the government which led to more revolts and protests. Some thought that if slaves were free then it would be difficult for the whites to find jobs and expand trade since all of them would be taken by Africans. Mrs. Emerson remarried to an abolitionist who was shocked after finding out that the she had slaves. The Scott's were then released. The Scott's had in some sense wasted their time in trying to fight for their freedom.

Slavery Crash Course 3,2,1

• 3 things known

1. Slavery lasted a really long time.
2. Slaves were the ones who actually made trade possible between the South and the North. They were the ones who grew and made things that were then later sold.
3. The whites were racist towards the slaves and repeatedly stated that the Africans were inferior to the whites. 

• 2 things learnt

1. Slaves were treated in SO brutally. They were made to feel as though they were not human anymore... And the slave owners believed that weren't...
2. Slaves actually rose up against their white masters and killed them.

• 1 thing wondered

1. How was it that underground railroads were never found out? Didn't the whites wonder as to where large number of slaves were going and didn't they thoroughly check those small stations?

Lucretia Mott Faces a Mob Response

1) The general public seems to believe that the abolitionists are purposely trying to diminsh trade with the South and the North. Trade is widely spreading at a tremendous rate during this time and the public believes that the slaves are crucial at this period of time. They are also against women playing a role in the public such as politics and public speeches. They are also angered over how the Quakers are holding meetings including people of different races, as in blacks. They see the abolitionists as a threat to their trading businesses and their general so believed "improved" means of living. 

2) No, the statement claiming that the South is dependent on the North was no big surprise. The South produces in order to support themselves and also for money. The only means of getting that money is by selling products to place that cannot produce those specifics things, such as the North. Without the North buying Southern produce, plantations would close and the rich Southerners would become poor. 

Response

The book actually doesn't really seem to emphasize how much exactly the Native Americans lost. What it seems to go more detail in is how the Americans kept murdering innocent Natives in order to get new land. There is no clear statement on how the Natives felt or reacted to any of this. The book has described in a way as though the Natives were ok with dying and losing their land. Moving out. Natives to the west and coming to tortue them even more? I mean how much more could the Natives take? Wasn't there anything they did? Was there no one who actually saw how much wrong was being done and stood up to stop this? And why was it that the Americans kept coming for more land? Had they not had enough? They shoot the buffaloes as a game and then kill hundreds of innocent women and children who came to them to seek help. 

Section 13.2 Vocab

• Homestead Act

Offering 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household.

An act used to draw in people into purchasing new and unclaimed land Westward. It was the only possible way because 160 acres of free land is a lot land that is being offered free.  

• Exodusters

African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas.

Free and unclaimed African Americans who were in search of free land in order to start their new lives. 

• Soddy

Like a dugout, a sod home.

Settlers who moved Westward were at a shortage of wood so they had to build houses without it. They instead built houses of sod or piles of prairie turf.

• The Morrill Act

Gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges.

Gave land to the government so that they could build colleges and give education to children on agriculture. In order to survive in the wild, prairie lands, it was vital to know how to farm.

• Bonanza Farms

Enormous single-crop spreads of 15,000-50,000 acres.

Land where crops were grown not to support their own families but to rather sell and gain profit.

Atlas Project- Compromise of 1850

Section 9.3 Vocab

• Stephen F. Austin

Led the first of several groups of American settlers to fertile area ... along the Brazos River. 
Stephen led one of the first groups of Americans into Texas which was at the time part of Mexico.

• Land Grant

Mexico offered enormous land grants to agents who were called empresarios. The empresarios. in turn, attracted American settlers, who eagerly bought cheap land...
Mexico offered large areas of land to Americans in order to attract American settlers into their country. Some eager Americans did buy the land since it was so cheap and also beneficial to them.

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Austin had traveled to Mexico City late in 1833 to present petitions for greater self-government for Texas to Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the Mexican president during the time by which Austin had come to the country in order to introduce new ideas for government. Santa Anna also held Austin in custody for bringing revolutionary ideas to the country.

• Texas Revolution

After Santa Anna revoked local powers in Texas and other Mexican states, several rebellions erupted, including what would eventually be known as the Texas Revolution.

After the taking custody of Austin, Santa Anna started taking away the rights of people from several Mexican states. Having already been introduced to revolutionary ideas the states decided to fight back against the government thus starting the Texas Revolution. 

• Alamo

They drove the Mexican forces from the Alamo, an abandoned mission and fort. 

The Americans in Texas decided to attack an abandoned Mexican fort, Alamo. They won but when Santa Anna attacked back, he killed many Mexicans and Americans alike. 

• Sam Houston

Led by Sam Houston, they defeated Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto. 

He was the general that helped the Americans strike back and defeat Santa Anna.

• Republic of Texas

In September 1836, Houston became president of the Republic of Texas.

When Texas finally gained its independence and claimed to become the Republic of Texas. 

• Annex

In 1838, Sam Houston invited the United States to annex, or incorporate, the Texas Republic into the United States. 

Houston and many Texans wanted to become a part of the United States. 

Section 7.4 Vocab

1) Daniel Webster 

Massachusetts senator who rose in the Senate and delivered one of the great speeches in American history.

A member of the Senate who stood up and gave a rememorable speech.

2) John C. Calhoun

Jackson's Vice President and also one of Webster's greatest opponents.

Andrew Jackson's Vice President of South Carolina. He was a major opponent of Webster during the argument between the states' rights and federal authority.

3) Tariff of Abominations

Congress passed a tariff to protect the infant American industries.

After the War of 1812, the British had a goal to destroy their American competitors by filling the U.S. market with cheap goods. This tariff was introduced in order to protect the American industries. 

4) Bank of the United States

Andrew Jackson never did resort to sending troops into South Carolina, he did wage a very personal war on the Bank of the United States.

Andrew Jackson targeted the Bank of the United States rather than South Carolina.

5) Whig Party 

The Whigs backed the ideals of the American System.

Group of Democratic Republicans who were angered by Jackson's rule and wanted to protect the American rights.

6) Martin Van Buren

When Jackson announced that he would not run a third term, the Democrats chose Vice-President Martin Van Buren.

After Jackson's desicion to not run any longer, Martin was chosen. With Jackson's support, Martin won easily. 

7) Panic of 1837

Bank closings and the collapse of the credit system.

The sudden closure if banks and etc. which led a majority of the countries employes without work and bankrupt. 

8) William Henry Harrison 

Candidate chosen by the Whig party.

He won the election. The Whigs used the strategy by showing Harrison as a man for the common people when he actually wasn't. 

9) John Tyler

Harrison's Vice President and successor.

Was chosen to become the president after Harrison's death. 

Section 7.3 Vocabulary

1) Andrew Jackson 

John Quincy Adam's chief political opponent. 

Andrew was the 7th President. War hero of the War of 1812. People loved him so much that when the restrictions on voting were less strict, he won the election easily. From the western side of the Appalachian Mountains, Tennessee. Not related to any of the founding fathers. 

2) Democratic-Republican Party 

The Jacksonians accused John Adams for stealing the presidency. They formed the Democratic-Republican Party.

Jackson's followers accused Adams of being unfair and stealing the presidency. The Jacksonians left the Republican Party and form the Democratic-Republican Party in order to make Adams presidency difficult for him.

3) Spoils System 

Incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace them with their friends.

Jackson did not accept the federal employees so he fired them and replaced them with his loyal Jacksonians.

4) Indian Removal Act

Under this law, the federal government funded negotiation of treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west. 

Jackson did not like the assimilation of the Natives. So, the Native Americans were forced through treaties to leave the colonies and move westward. 

5) Trail of Tears

The Cherokee buried more than a quarter of their people.

As the Cherokee were on their way, government officials and outlaws what little possessions they had. Many of the Cherokee people died throughout the journey. 

Mills- Industrialism

1.  What are the five requirements for a successful mill?

Power; development; money, or capital; workers; access to raw materials; and a method of shipping finished goods. 

2.  Why would the South be a logical place to build a mill?  Why wouldn't they work there? 

The South would be a logical place to build a mill because that was where all the raw material was grown. But it was the Nothern areas such as New England that had the water power necessary for the mills to work. There was river water that dropped from mountains in the South but since the ground underneath was so soft and fragile, it did not really prove useful. 

3.  Why were mills built in New England? 

For one, the water power was a lot different compared to the South. The water had an abrupt fall because of the hard underlying granite. The climate was proving to help. Ample rainfall during the summer time made up for evaporation which meant that the water could keep flowing. Also deep lakes scooped out by glaciers acted as natural reservoirs on the upper parts of New England. 

4.  What is unique about the Merrimack River? 

Farmers could produce 2,500 horsepower from one site where the water plunged 30 feet. 

5.  Why was it difficult for F.C. Lowell workers to find jobs at first? 

No cities existed near the best water sites and also there were no means of transport to actually bring workers to the sites. People were also highly prejudiced against working in mills because of the bad situations people worked in mills. Many men were already employed and they needed their sons to help in their work.

6.  What was the problem with the English mills built in Rhode Island by Samuel Slater? 

Samuel Slater made a family system. He brought in whole families that were kept in dark, dreary tenements. Every member of the family worked for only a few dollars in a week.